german expressionism definition

Improvisation 27 (Garden of Love II), painted soon after he wrote On the Spiritual in Art, embodies these ideas and evidences German Expressionism’s march towards abstraction. The Brücke artists were participating in what can only be referred to as a cult of youth, that was linked to a mad population race with the French. These former architects—Ernst Ludwig Kirchner, Erich Heckel, Karl Schmidt-Rottluff, Hans Bleyl–were inspired by Nietzsche’s Thus Spake Zarathustra in which the artist was portrayed as the aggressive leader of a new morality.

The former architects were, to be truthful, indifferent but sincere painters, dedicated to celebrating the culture of youth in a series of landscapes that fused “primitivism” with the joy of being young and daring. The Blaue Reiter linked French modernism, Fauve Expressionism with abstraction and primitivism in the public’s mind. The city contrasted to the Dresden landscapes with imagined the German forests as a site of pre-modern harmony populated with naked men and women.
The artist, following Theosophy, asserted that matter and spirit were interrelated. | Site designed by, Le Corbusier: The Pavillon de l’Esprit Nouveau. Here, Kollwitz shows the sacrifice of a mother giving her child up to war, the subject’s sadness emphasized by the dark palette and cavernous pools of black ink. The lure of “primitivism” was part of the desire to return to nature and to a primal vitalism. “Art today is moving in directions of which our forebears had no inkling. Marc’s views corresponded with the. Although the Expressionists rejected the moribund, state-sanctioned stylistic... More », The artists' group Brücke was established in Dresden on June 7, 1905... More », Der Blaue Reiter was formed in 1911 in Munich as a loose association of... More », Expressionism in Austria is principally represented by two major figures... More », The New Objectivity (Neue Sachlichkeit) emerged as a style in Germany in the 1920s... More », In addition to the major artists' groups (Brücke and Der Blaue Reiter) and trends (Austrian Expressionism... More ». But soon, the German artists, emboldened by a series of Secessions, developed their own brand of the avant-garde. After World War II an abstract form of expressionism developed in America, known as abstract expressionism . In this masterpiece, Dix ruthlessly portrays the realities of post-war Germany, and the decadence and violence that plagued Weimar Berlin, in particular. As they got older and developed separate interests, the artists wanted to concentrate on individual styles. Münter’s landscapes, in particular, evince her willingness to jettison strict representation, and move from Post-Impressionism into a more expressive style. For the painter, colors were symbolic and held emotional value. After a trip to Tunisia with Macke and the Swiss painter Louis Moilliet in 1914, everything changed. The Collection. Courtesy of the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York. More than a mere magazine, Der Sturm was also a gallery, a publishing company and an art school that put on numerous traveling exhibitions to commemorate the 100th issue of the journal in March 1912. Defining Expressionism in broad terms, this collection comprises approximately 3,200 works, including some 2,800 prints (644 of which are in periodicals in the Museum Library), 275 drawings, 32 posters, and 40 paintings and sculptures. “Blue is the male principle, astringent and spiritual.

The artists of Die Brücke were among the first German nationalists to be called “Expressionists.” Founded in Dresden in June 1905, these artists were considered provocative and revolutionary in their use of brilliant clashing colors and jagged brushstrokes. The painting’s central panel shows a raucous party filled with moneyed Berliners dripping in jewels and other flapper finery, while the side panels reveal the darker side of German culture—one where maimed veterans are relegated to the city streets, and widows resort to prostitution to make ends meet. From the home in Munich that she owned and generously shared with Kandinsky, together, they explored how color and abstract form could evoke inner states. Two films that use shadow to create mood are both considered by many to be the essential German Expressionism films, The Cabinet of … Later, when the group moved to Berlin, the sharp vertical slashes were linked to modern angst and alienation. By 1911 the group moved to Berlin, hoping for a more favorable climate for their art, but the move proved catastrophic for the unity of the little band of former architects. Kandinsky had lived in Paris during the period of 1906-07 and being familiar with the Fauves, he included French artists in the 1909 exhibition of NKV. These artists were interested in the art of the insane and of children as models to lead them out of the trap of naturalism so that they could use their Expressionism to change society.

Many thought Expressionism was un-German and too French. It can best be described as a creative movement, although, especially where the painters are concerned, it was also a mindset. Dr. Jeanne S. M. Willette and Art History Unstuffed. Painting was the dominant medium of the genre, and the resulting works represented epitomize the principles of the German Expressionist movement today. The term “Expressionism” in Germany meant “modern art” and a rejection of traditional Western (non-German) conventions dating back to the Renaissance. Expressionism is a modernist movement, initially in poetry and painting, originating in Germany at the beginning of the 20th century.Its typical trait is to present the world solely from a subjective perspective, distorting it radically for emotional effect in order to evoke moods or ideas. On the eve of one of the most terrible wars ever fought, they hoped that a new spiritual era would replace the current anxiety and decadence. Although the bright colors were reminiscent of Fauvism, they also recalled Vincent van Gogh. Die Brücke depicted the modern city of Berlin as a claustrophobic space, vibrating with tension. The Germans had a healthy culture of outdoor bathing and basking in the sunshine.

Gabriele Münter, School House, Murnau, 1908. The 6 Artists of Chicago’s Electrifying ’60s Art Group the Hairy Who, 5 Must-See Shows in London during Frieze Week, The Ascent of Young Ghanaian Artist Otis Kwame Kye Quaicoe, "Paul Klee: L'ironie à l'oeuvre" at Centre Pompidou, Paris. Red is matter, brutal and heavy and always the color to be opposed and overcome by the other two,” Marc wrote to his fellow Blaue Reiter artist. However, in the early halcyon days in Dresden, the jagged forms were more stylistic, suggesting youthful activity rather than any specific feelings. By the late fall of 1911, the Expressionist groups, Der Blaue Reiter and Die Brücke, as well as artists, such as Kathe Kollwitz and Ernst Barlach, were being referred to as “expressionists.” By April 1911, the Berlin Secession, guided by Lovis Corinth, grouped the French Fauves—Derain, Vlaminck, and Matisse—in one room and labeled them as “Expressionists.” The Fauves were considered to be ultramodern in their break from Impressionism, taking the passivity of the older movement’s objectivity to an activated subjectivity. Linked to the desire to bring about change was the need to go back to nature with an uninhibited sensuality and eroticism. One of the most important, for the German artists, was the Sonderbund westdeutscher Kunstfreunde und Künstler, (the Separate League of West German Art Lovers and Artists) or the Sonderbund for short. Despite this barrage of the New, German artists absorbed the French avant-garde and, after digesting its suggestions, created their own form of Expressionism.

Tribal art served as an inspiration for the large scale, life sized sculptures. In an important 1912 exhibition in Cologne, the Sonderbund responded to these complaints by including Northern artists–the Dutch national, Vincent van Gogh and the Norwegian painter, Edvard Munch, both of whom prefigured Expressionism, rather than the French artist, Paul Gauguin.

Courtesy of Museo Nacional Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid. Thank you.
Although the group ceased to function as a coherent unit, the artists shared certain themes. A year later, Kandinsky published Uber das Gestige in der Kunst. In Berlin, this harmony is replaced by aggressive psychological interactions between men and women, well suited to  the angular lines and harsh colors of Die Brücke. For additional information about using content from MoMA.org, please visit About this Site (www.moma.org/site). German Expressionism is a cultural movement that started the First World War, and had its peak during the 1920′s. The term is often specifically associated with modern German art (also referred to as German expressionism), particularly the Brücke and Blaue Reiter groups.

All rights reserved. By 1905, a small group of painters decided to rebel. The jagged forms were very German, evoking Medieval expressionism in their intensity. Rough hewn and polychromed, these sculptures are some of the best of the pre-War avant-garde. While the Fauves were able to work somewhat independently from the state, the Wilhelmine Empire of Germany participated directly in the affairs of art, drawing the artists of pre-War Germany into dialogues about their interaction with the state. The publication of the Blaue Reiter Almanac in the spring of 1912 demonstrated not only the avant-garde search for a way out of Post-Impressionism but also an expanded interest in the art of outsiders. First, there was the deployment of their version of “primitivism,” inspired by the ethnographic museum in Dresden. Thank you. To the south, another art movement associated with Expressionism formed, the Blaue Reiter, the successor to the less well-known Neue Künstler Vereinigung (NKV). Both groups were founded by the Russian exile, Wassily Kandinsky.

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